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What is Acute Liver Failure (ALF)?
Acute liver failure (ALF) occurs when many of the cells in the liver die or become very damaged in a short period of time. This causes the liver to fail to work normally, and as a result the patients may develop a change in level of alertness or even coma. Because this condition develops so fast, getting care quickly is critical. Acute liver failure in children is rare.
Symptoms
Symptoms of acute liver failure can be like those of a virus, such as upset stomach (nausea), a tired feeling all the time (fatigue) or vomiting. This can rapidly progress to jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and encephalopathy.
Encephalopathy is a condition in which the brain does not work properly. This happens when the liver is not able to break down or get rid of toxic products in the liver. (A liver that is working properly is able to break down toxins and carry them out of the liver.)
Encephalopathy always occurs when a child has sudden and severe liver failure. Infants up to 28 days old may not have many noticeable signs of encephalopathy, although they will have jaundice symptoms.
Infants older than 28 days may be irritable, have crying spells and can't be made to feel better, or they might want to sleep more during the day than at night.
Older children may seem angry, have a hard time falling asleep, be forgetful or confused, or feel drowsy.
Causes
Acute liver failure has many causes. Acetaminophen (such as TylenolŪ) is an example of a common medicine that can affect how the liver works. This can occur if a child is given the wrong dosage of the medicine or if too much is taken in a short amount of time.
Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity (damaging to the liver) accounts for 16 percent of childhood acute liver failure cases in the United States and generally occurs in older children.
Other causes of acute liver failure are metabolic conditions (problems related to the physical and chemical processes that occur inside the liver that must happen in order for a person to live), infections / viruses and cardiovascular conditions (conditions that cause a lack of blood supply to the liver).
Causes of acute liver failure seem to vary based on the age of the child. Infection or metabolic conditions at birth are the most common causes of acute liver failure in children under 2 years old. Hepatitis caused by a virus (such as hepatitis A or B) and drug-induced liver failure, such as acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, are more likely in older children.
However, most of the time the cause of acute liver failure in children cannot be determined. One study showed that this was the case for about 44 percent of all children who were diagnosed with acute liver failure and about 63 percent for children with acute liver failure under 2 years of age.
Treatment
Treatment for acute liver failure depends on what caused the disease. Some causes are treatable by either medicine or a liver transplant.
Supportive care -- There are some patients who will get better by themselves if they receive treatment for their symptoms. Many patients whose condition is caused by a virus get better on their own. Their liver is able to reform itself into a healthy organ.
Medication -- When the acute liver failure is caused by a cardiovascular condition or by acetaminophen, it sometimes can be treated with medicine. Medicine may be able to reverse the condition if given early enough.
Metabolic diseases may be treated with medicine or diet if irreversible damage has not yet occurred.
Transplant -- Approximately half of all children with acute liver failure need a liver transplant in order to survive. For the majority of patients whose cause of liver failure is not known, a transplant is the only option.
A doctor will consider several things when recommending or not recommending a liver transplant, including: the cause of the disease if known, likelihood the transplant will be successful, whether there is a disease in more than one organ or part of the body, the amount of brain damage, and the chances that the brain damage could be reversed once the transplanted liver is working.
One of the challenges of liver transplant for patients with acute liver failure is that liver failure happens quickly and it often takes time to obtain an organ for transplant.
If a transplant is the best treatment option, the doctor and the other members of the patient care team will focus on preventing complications and will treat symptoms while waiting for the donated liver.
Treating encephalopathy -- Hepatic encephalopathy always develops when liver failure occurs suddenly and severely. It is treated by trying to prevent the production of toxic products in the liver, which is what cause the condition.
In severe cases of encephalopathy, cerebral edema (brain swelling) can occur. It often requires a device to be placed on the surface of the brain to monitor the swelling and pressures inside the skull.
Treatment includes the use of mannitol, a sugar compound that helps absorb fluid away from the brain, which decreases the pressure.
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